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Iraq suffered many years of war, sanctions and economic crises. However, Ally-Raza Qureshi from the World Food Programme in Iraq sees progress. But now the effects of climate change are becoming apparent in the country. What is to be done?
Mr. Qureshi, you said that Iraq is belonging to the top five countries most affected by the climate change. Why?
Ally-Raza Qureshi: Looking at Iraq’s emissions, the country contributes less than 1% to global emissions. It is yet worrying that Iraq’s carbon emissions have more than doubled over the last decade alone. A combination of geographical, environmental, and socio-economic factors makes Iraq extremely vulnerable to climate change. Iraq relies heavily on rainfall for agriculture. It's a country with two great rivers, Euphrates and Tigris, which have ensured that Iraq flourished throughout the centuries. Unfortunately, the climate change, changing rainfall patterns and changing water levels in the rivers have clearly impacted Iraq, both in terms of reduced rainfall and droughts. Desertification has also been on the rise in Iraq. Iraq's economy and social systems have been strained by years of sanctions, conflict and instability and this has limited Iraq’s institutional capacity to adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change effectively.
Can you assert the losses in agriculture in figures?
This year the rains have been good. The government expects to produce an average of 4.5 million tons of wheat in 2023. Iraq needs 6 million tons of wheat to feed its population; even in a normal average year, there is never enough produced. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, the rains did not arrive in time. There was much less rain. This is clearly due to the effects of climate change. The result? 40% of agricultural productivity was lost.
Last year, only around 2 million tons of wheat were produced. The hardest hit are the smallholder farmers. A large part of agricultural production is done by smallholder farmers, and they are the ones least able to withstand these shocks.
How can one respond to shocks?
Iraq has suffered decades of conflict, sanctions, and political instability, most recently from the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). ISIS was not just about occupying areas, but about destroying agricultural infrastructure, especially in areas considered the breadbasket of Iraq. With the liberation of these areas, people started to return. Germany, along with many other countries, supported the Government of Iraq through stabilization aid, helping to rebuild the infrastructure so people could use state services and live a life back in their areas In particular, they supported food security organisations, such as the World Food Programme, to help small farmers rebuild their agricultural livelihoods. With the support from BMZ, WFP rehabilitated almost 1000km of secondary canal system so that the water can flow to the farms. We helped 40,000 farmers rehabilitate over 300,000 hectares of land so that they can start producing again in these areas. The new threat now emerging for Iraq is climate, which is already causing displacement in parts of Iraq. The International Organization for Migration (IOM), one of our sister organizations, has already found that nearly 30,000 people in southern Iraq have been forced to migrate due to climate change.
What is needed to adapt agriculture?
Due to all these conflicts, decades of sanctions and the various challenges Iraq faced, the country wasn't fully prepared to adapt to climate change. If we look at the irrigation practices in Iraq, still the old methods of irrigation are used where the field is usually flooded with lots of water. With the current availability and quality of water, that is not the appropriate approach. WFP has been working on introducing smart irrigation systems, especially using drip irrigation and sprinklers. But we as an organisation can only support a few thousand people whereas the government can support millions. That is why we are working with the government to strengthen their technical capacity and their ability to provide knowledge to farmers.
Recently the Prime Minister told all farmers to use either drip irrigation systems or sprinklers, and that the Government will provide a scheme to facilitate access to these technologies. The Government will come up with a plan on how farmers can access funding to buy these systems. I am encouraged by this.
You also distribute food, right?
Currently, there is no food assistance provided in Iraq since the markets are functioning. It is important to stress that there were no food shortages in Iraq even during the drought years. The Government of Iraq maintains an extensive public distribution system (PDS) that provides food to every Iraqi. Whether you are rich or poor, you have access to these services. The rich may not need it, but the poor may need more of it and better quality. Together with the Government, the next step is to reform this system. Also, the redesign, digitisation and better targeting of the system can generate cost savings that can then be used for other social safety nets in Iraq. The Government of Iraq spends almost $5 billion on its social protection programmes. If WFP can put a little money from our donor countries and help the government strengthen its social protection programmes, the impact and reach for the poor will be much greater. It is small investments that can yield big returns. If you invest $5 million in reforming this programme, the savings can be as much as $500 million a year - now multiply that over a period of just ten years.
Is the country moving out of the crisis or moving into a much hunger crisis?
A very interesting question. The security situation has improved a lot. The security operators of the Government of Iraq are working hard to stabilize the situation. Once the government has been formed, it has set an ambitious agenda aligned towards the SDGs.
Iraq has to diversify its economy, invest in human capital development, green infrastructure and promotion of private sector for sustainable progress. While progress has been made, the overall situation remains complex and technical support is required to help develop institutional capacity in Iraq.
Your budget has been cut, but you said that the government needs more now.
Immediately after the ISIS crisis, when 5 million people were displaced and the Iraqi government together with its international partners was busy fighting ISIS, WFP had to step in and provide food assistance. That has now changed. Over 4 million people have returned to their places of origin. In line with our policy, WFP will support the people in rural areas to produce so that they can take care of their own food needs. We are now acting as technical advisors, providing technical support and capacity to the Government of Iraq so that they can use their budgets and resources to support their citizens.
When you came to Iraq first, what was your personal impression of the country, of the society?
When I came to Iraq and drove from the airport to the UN compound, I looked at the city from the car and was amazed – you see quite a flourishing Iraq. You see beautiful streets. But you also see the presence of the military and various checkpoints. I have been in Iraq for two years and had the privilege of travelling around most of the country. When I talk to the youth, 60% of the Iraqi population is under 25, they have hopes and aspirations. They want a stronger Iraq. Of course, they also face a lot of challenges. Unemployment in Iraq, especially amongst young people, is over 30%. I have fallen in love with the country and its people because of their resilience: they have survived so many shocks and still want to carry on.
From your perspective, as WFP’s Representative and Country Director in Iraq, what is your message to the international community?
I am not Iraqi, so I should not speak on behalf of Iraqis. But as someone who has seen what the international community has supported Iraq with, I would like to thank the international community for its support during difficult times, especially to Germany as a great partner.
It created hope. It created life
When you go to Mosul today, you see the spirit of the city returning. That is what the international community has achieved in Iraq. With all the bad news from Iraq, we sometimes forget the good news. We must always assess the bad news accordingly.
Iraq is strategically well-positioned, both geopolitically and in terms of its resources, labour, and human capital. By working together with the Iraqi government and people, WFP can ensure longer-term peace, security and stability and achieve the goal of food security and the eradication of hunger in Iraq.
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